The end of IIIème dynasty and IVème Dynasty (2635-2561. B.C.), according to authors', would have been emergence then the apogee of the culture, i.e. the time of the questions and research in all the fields.

The writing, (hieroglyphic), had occurred and was based on the figurative directions, ideographic and phonetic.

For mathematics, the numbers and great numbers were known as well as the addition and the subtraction.

On the other hand the multiplication and division would have been ignored.

Thus to proceed so that we call multiplication, it was enough successively to add the number (multiplicand) by the value with the prime numbers included in the multiplier. For example " to multiply " 17 by 12 the process consisted in adding the multiplicand in a number of times equal to the prime numbers then to add the values corresponding to the prime numbers included in the multiplier.

In this example, 12 is consisted of 5 and 7, we will thus add 85 and 119 is 204 which corresponds well to our multiplication of 17 by 12.

For division the ratios were known but only with whole numerators and results and some profited of a special notation 2/3. For the ordinary whole numbers, it is " the Euclidienne division " which was practised: (example 350 gives 11 times 30 with a remainder of 20).

 

this ruler measures one cubit(0,524 meters) divided into 7 palms (of 7,5 cms) comprising each one 4 fingers (of 1,87 cm) that is to say a total of 28 divisions ,(2x2x7 and we know for example that the height of Khéops is equal to 280 cubits). In the lower part the usual reports/ratios are registered.

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