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THE SHAFTS, AN EXTRAORDINARY TOOL
© Reproduction prohibited without permission.



The "Shafts" called "Ventilation Shafts" have the particularity to be constituted by a series of parallelepiped blocks that take other blocks in the shape of an inverted U, such as a first "path" on the ground, that will become "the Shafts".

This remark seems important to me because this technique makes it possible during the installation to carry out a visual control of the straightness of the "Path" support constituted by these "flat blocks" of a length generally less than two meters, that is to say manageable for their positioning.
Each "plane block" supports another U-shaped block which is then placed in staggered positions on two "flat blocks", then carefully aligned before being covered by fillings.
It is therefore a realization by advancing small successive sections which also allows to comply with the desired slope;



For the record, in the example of the South Shaft of the Queen's chamber, the upper end door is 100 cubits away from the vertical plane of symmetry of the pyramid and at an elevation of 120 cubits from the level of the base.
This Shaft is itself positioned in a north / south vertical plane parallel parallel to the east of 10 cubits from the north / south axis of the pyramid.

These precisions being said, you will find below the schematic diagrams of the sequences of realization although we must consider that the North and South Shafts Shafts probably could not be carried out in a synchronous way.

On the year 2003, I presented "Le Point de Convergence", which represents the meeting of main axes that could be useful both in the concept and as "tools of aim" during construction or during inspections.
Building a pyramid of such dimensions with such a perfect result is not random in space since before construction, there is no reference point for measurements for example.

This is an essential point because I proposed and explained lien19Use of the Shafts a possible role of "ventilation" during the works, we can not ignore that this function was only a secondary use opportunity.
One does not build more than 250 meters of Shafts with as much precision only to ventilate or question the future generations.

From my point of view, these four Shafts constitute the "backbone" of the pyramid, not to support the structure, but with extremely simple means they allowed to create the essential spatial references needed for the realization.
At all stages of construction, the shafts establish physical reference points for all other measures that have been made available.


Any Geometer knows that with two physical points whose reciprocal distance is known, can determine all the places of the surroundings and even more ...
Ancient Egypt certainly did not have precise theodolites but they knew the aim well (Merkhet and the Bay for example) and with a good rope in addition one can obtain a survey already very correct ...
Naturally, if the "Shafts" were not perfectly realized, then the whole building would have had to bear the consequences!

Example:
An observer moves away at any point C from his two initial landmarks A and B, whose distance between them is known and then measures the angles under which he observes them.



He can thus draw a new triangle of which he knows one of the sides and the angles..

By calculation he can then accurately determine the triangle ABC and its measurements.
A new observation of one of the dimensions B C of the new triangle generated from any other point D will enable it to determine precisely the triangle B C D and its measurements.

And so gradually, by successive triangulations it can measure the whole.
It is on this principle that Flinders Petrie made his records of 1883.

During the construction of the pyramid, each new stratum, the ends of the Shafts were "above ground" thus constituting two reference points whose first result was to know precisely the point of passage of the axis of the Apex, point perfectly central, or to determine the situation of any other desired point by triangulation by means of the two ends of the shafts.

The North/South axis of Shafts was probably controlled by solar sights what they knew perfectly.
The straightness of the section Shafts of approximately 20 x 20 centimeters could be controlled by internal sights from the Wells (V1 and V2) provisionally constituted at the intersection of the shafts under the base of each of the two chambers whose pavement was not totally laid.
The depth required for Wells can be estimated to be approximately three meters. The Wells ... they knew very well how to do it.


The slope of the Shafts could be controlled during the successive poses of the parallelepipedic blocks of the "Path".
I do not know, but maybe even a measuring rod or a template could have been made.

Due to the short length of the blocks in the Path"" and the fact that they are relatively manageable, the slope ratio required only cotroling the differences in height between the ends of each block, or even more satisfactory if one had previously taken care to tag adequately for a more distant evaluation, so more accurate.

The horizontal distance of 100 cubits from the East/West vertical symmetry plane required for the ends of the four Shafts could easily be controlled by the two emerging ends of the Shafts.
In a time close to completion of the Shafts, the temporary Shafts section of the well was removed, followed by the filling and finishing of the floors of the finished floor.
After internal finishing of the chamber, the block that generates the elbow for the Shafts after the wall outlet was inserted. lien20Les Shafts

The Shafts were essential and indispensable!


HOW?




1- After positioning the vertex axis and the cardinal axes. Total absence of landmarks for the construction of the Pyramid.
The work will begin with the descending corridor and the various underground parts.



2- The descending corridor is built according to the ratio 1/2 - (26 ° 34 ')
- In the rock, the Cave, with the Well whose lower part to the cave is largely made in ratio 1/1 is 45 °.



3- Construction of the ascending corridor (Slope 1/2) and the stratum of the Queen's Chamber (Report 1/2).
Digging of the sighting well V1 with realization of the beginning of the temporary shafts (5 or 6 meters).



4- Expansion of the shafts with external control of the North / South cardinal alignment and internal targets for straightness. Ratio of slope 100/120 or 5/6 is 39 ° 48'20. Partial filling of the southern volume of the pyramid.



5- Construction of the Grand Gallery and extension of the shafts in successive sequences of a few meters.
For the Northern shaftof the Queen's chamber, the lateral avoidance of the G.Gallery could be realized during the construction, or latter by creating a new point of sight in the upper part of the G.Gallery by simle adequate physical report of the lower point.
Covering this elongation keeping only a small emerald part of the ends which then constitute for the new stratum the two reference points with certain position.


6- The northern shafts of the King's Chamber is subject to a first sheath to the upper part of the G.Gallery, (Two axes on the Diagram), from which the following sights will be made.
When the Queen' shafts reach the proximity of their planned distance of 100 cubits from the East-West Axis Apex Plan, Removal of the wells' Provisional V1 Shafts and its filling.,
The Queen's Chamber is then built and an identical Procedure is initiated for the King's Chamber.



7- The shafts of the Queen's Chamber with their doors of high ends are covered. Those of the King's Chamber are still in the process of being prolonged.



8- The King's Chamber Shafts reached the outer openings and their planned distance of 100 cubits from the East-West Axis of the Apex. They do not require doors after filling, the ends drooping outside could simply be hidden if necessary.








'Les Gaines de ventilation - Un outil Extraordinaire'



Un outil Extraordinaire qui a permis la construction.








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